Questions 1 through 5 are based on the following reading.
Finnish-born botanist William Nylander taught at the University of Helsinki for a number of years and later moved to Paris, where he lived until his death at the end of the nineteenth century. During the second half of the last century, he became a prominent figure in the field of lichenology.
Botanists from all over the world sent samples to his laboratory to be analyzed and classified. It can be said without exaggeration that four out of five lichens bear his name.
He was the first to realize the importance of using chemical reagents in the taxonomy of lichens. He selected the most common reagents used by the chemists of his time. Lichenologists all over the world still use these reagents, including tincture of iodine and hypochlorite, in their laboratories. During the first half of the twentieth century, a Japanese named Arahina added only one chemical prod-uct-P-Phenol diamines.
Nylander was also responsible for discovering that the atmosphere of big cities hindered the lichens' development and caused them to disappear. Now they are used to detect atmospheric pollution.
Nevertheless, he considered lichens to be simple plants and vehemently opposed the widely accepted modern theo-ries that lichens are a compound species formed by two discordant elements: algae and fungi.
Number 1
Internationally renowned scientists sent lichen samples to Ny-lander because
(A) he considered them to be simple plants
(B) he used reagents to determine their use
(C) he analyzed and classified them
(D) he collected and preserved them
Number 2
Which of the following is NOT true?
(A) Nylander accepted his colleagues' theories on the composi-tion of lichens.
(B) Eighty percent of lichens bear Nylander's name.
(C) Today lichens are used to detect atmospheric pollution.
(D) Most botanists consider lichens to be a compound species.
Number 3
All of the following are true about Nylander EXCEPT
(A) he was the first to use chemical reagents in the taxonomy of lichens
(B) he believed that lichens were simple plants
(C) he was an esteemed lichenologist
(D) he taught botany at the University of Paris
Number 4
According to accepted nineteenth-century theories, which two elements form the composition of lichens?
(A) Iodine and chemical reagents
(B) Algae and fungi
(C) Hypochlorite and iodine
(D) Chemical reagents and atmospheric chemicals
Number 5
How could William Nylander best be described?
(A) Degenerate
(B) Domineering
(C) Ingenious
(D) Anxious
Answers :
Number 1
(C) Choice (B) is an incorrect statement because Nylander used reagents to identify lichens, not to determine their use. Choices (A), (C), and (D) are correct. Yet, only answer (C) answers the question why other scientists sent lichen samples to Nylander. This is explained in sentence 3. (C) is the correct answer.
Number 2
(A) Choices (C) and (D) are true, and mentioned specifically in the reading. (B) is true because the reading says four out of five (80%) of lichens bear Nylander's name. However, (A) is not true, and is therefore the correct answer. The last paragraph states that he vehemently opposed the theories that lichens are a compound species.
Number 3:
(D) Choices (A), (B), and (C) are specifically stated in the reading. Sentence 1 says he taught at the University of Helsinki and then moved to Paris, but it does not say that he ever taught in Paris. Therefore, (D) is not true and is the correct answer.
Number 4:
(B) The last sentence of the reading verifies (B) as the correct answer.
Number 5:
(C) This is the correct answer because ingenious means clever or showing great practical knowledge or intelligence. Nylander was first to realize the importance of using chemical reagents and he discovered that atmospheric pollutions hindered the development of lichens. (A), (B), and (D) do not describe him as this reading does.
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